MAKU-NO-UCHI-BENTO HATA Kohei
Bento (box lunch)is a very ordinary word, but the characters used in it present a puzzle. Every one knows the meaning of the word, but why is it made up of ben and to (which mean speak or perform, guess or allocate, among other things)? Still, the word always used everywhere for box lunch is bento, an interesting fact.
The term o-bento is, of course, just a polite way of saying bento, but it was also a theater word. It referred to be to the practice of playing to the audience by throwing in extra lines and gestures not included in the original play. It was a term of censure for ham acting.The word maku-noo-uchi-bento was also used in the theater. It had the negative connotation of being flashy and conspicuous but shallow. Before the maku-no-uchi-bento box lunchwere eaten by theater audiences, however, they were field rations for soldiers. One meaning of maku-no uchi is “in the tent”, and the term referred to freshly-made rice balls, pressed into the cylindrical shape of a traditional straw rice bag, and sprinkled with sesame seeds which were eaten in military camps.
The story of how the maku-no-uchi-bento found its way into the theater is an interesting one. In both the theater and sumo wrestling the word maku’uchi or manmaku’uchi (inside the curtain) is used to indicate high rank, but a maku-no-uchi-bento has no such connotations of prestige. It was the refreshment consumed durlng the dullcr scenes of a long play. The scenes in the “Chushingura(The Loyal Forty Seven Retainers)” where Sadakur6 appears were known as “bento scenes”. Nakamura Nakazo’s performance of Sadakuro was said to be so good that it “blew away the cheap box lunches.”
The classic form of the maku-no-uchi-bento is cylindrical rice balls sprinkled with sesame and salt, and it has been carried down faithfully to the present day. A bento has always meant a meal to be carried and eaten away from home. There is a poem in the “Many6shu” by Arima-no-miko, “On a wandering journey, the rice which would be placed in a dish at home is set out on a pasania leaf,” but this is not talking about a bento. Once you set out on a journey, even for a day or part of a day, it will be necessary to eat somewhere along the way. A bento will suffice for a day trip, but on a longer journey it becomes necessary to buy food. This need gave rise to the use of money because of the cumbersomeness of bartering. The idea of buying food, so common today, began with the needs of travelers, and the restaurant business came into being to meet this demand.
A little after the middle of the Edo period, the growing restaurant business gave rise to new urban customs: eating out, treating people to meals, and ordering meals to be delivered. To many people, however, eating out was still considered a bit improper. Conservative people would take along a te-bento (hand-carried lunch) when eating away from home rather than enter a restaurant. Later they came to rely on box lunch vendors. The bento originally sold by the old box lunch vendors have been upgraded, and are now trademark products of some of the better restaurants, vying for popularity with the public. There are still equivalents to the cheap box lunches of the past、however, in the ekiben (train-station box lunches)and the hokahoka(piping hot)bento sold in volume by chain outlets. Because of the convenience of these store-bought bento, the home-made item is fading out. It is said they are only made nowadays by freshly-married young brides. Hot lunches provided in company and school cafeterias are also contributing to the decline of home-made bento.
According to a hoary old dictionary, the word bento was apparently coined in the age of Oda Nobunaga. It meant “organizing and distributing quantities of rice, stewed meat and vegitables, sake, side dishes, bowls, and trays according to the number of people present at outdoor dinners.” The compound was derived from benzuru (managing, performing, carrying out)and to (allocation, distribution), in other words, dishing out rations. One is relieved to find an cxplanation.
Translated by Stanley N. Anderson
幕の内弁当
秦 恒平
「弁当」ほど、難しい日用語もすくないだろう。意味はわかる。けれどなぜ「弁当」なのかは知れない。それでも、いつでも、どこでも、「弁当」なのである。それが面白い。
「御弁当」という物言いがある。ていねいに謂うといえぱ違いはないが、これが楽屋言葉であった。役者が舞台で、日頃はしないしぐさやせりふで客に愛敬をふりまくのを謂った。度がすぎると入れ事の多いあっさりしない藝風を嘲ることばになる。「幕の内弁当」とも、どこか芝居絡みに引っかかる。見た目ににぎやかでも底は浅いと、批評の気味が加わる。もっとも「幕の内弁当」は芝居弁当である前に、戦場陣幕の内で当座に食する、炊き出しの、俵形に胡麻をふった握り飯のことであって、芝居の幕間弁当へ引き付けたのは、さすがに芝居がかりの面白い趣向であった。「幕内」には芝居でも相撲でも幔幕内という席次の意味があるが、「幕の内弁当」にはそう上等の意味はなく、通し狂言のつまらない幕などにそそくさと弁じてしまう。忠臣蔵の定九郎の出る場など「弁当場」といわれた。中村仲蔵の定九郎役は、そんなお安い弁当をふっとばす名工夫だったとか。
それにしても「幕の内弁当」の紋どころは、やっぱり胡麻塩俵握り飯であることは、今日の「弁当」商品の大方が律義に継承している。
もともと{弁当」とは、外出先の食事のために携え持つ食べ物のことであった。「家にあれば笥(け)に盛る飯(いい)を草枕旅にしあれば椎の葉に盛る」と有間皇子が万葉集に歌っているのは「弁当」の歌ではなかった。しかし「旅」に出れば、それが半日一日のものでも外での食事が必要になる。半日一日なら「弁当」ですむが、長旅では食を購うことになり、物々交換では大変なので貨幣の用が必然生じた。食事を金で買うという、今ではあまりに当たり前なことも、事の始めには「旅」があり、その実用に応じて食べ物の「商い」や「店」が出来たのである。江戸時代も半ば過ぎてひろがった買い食いや、料理屋.で食を奢る・仕出しを取るという都市的習慣も、「食べ物商い」の発展した形であった。
だが、それにもかかわらず、なるべくは買い食いを避けるという旧来の風を美風とする傾向も、やはり、ながく尾を引いていた。堅い家ほど、料理屋へあがるよりは「手弁当」をもって外での食事にあて、後には「弁当屋」の弁当をアテにするようにも成っていったのである。昨今ではそのもともと「弁当屋」の弁当が、ほかならぬ料理屋や仕出し屋の凝った看板商品に格上げされ、贅沢に人気を競っていたりするけれども、他方では「駅弁」「ホカホカ弁当」など昔ながらの安値な「弁当」も大量に売られている。あまりに手軽なので、家庭的ないわゆる「お弁当」は勢力をひそめて、せいぜい新婚サンの専用になった観がある。学校や会社の給食もそういう自家製「弁当」の影をうすくしただろう。
ともあれ「弁当」は大昔の事典などを見ると、およそ織田信長の前後からその文字づかいが出来たらしい。「飯・羮・酒・肴・椀・盤」などを「兼ね備
へ」て「郊外に饗応」するとき、「人数に配当してよくその事を弁ずる」意味の、即ち「弁当」の名が生まれたとしてある。難儀な名前にやっと説明がつ
いて、ほッとする。
─(太陽)特集「日本を知る百章」より 1993年8月号─